Alfredo Toro Hardy
ALFREDO TORO HARDY is a retired Venezuelan diplomat, scholar and author. He has served as ambassador to the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, Brazil, Singapore, Chile and Ireland. He has directed the Diplomatic Academy of the Venezuelan Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other academic institutions. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations and a member of the Review Panel of the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center. Alfredo Toro Hardy is the author of twenty-one books and co-author of fifteen others on international affairs and history. His latest book “America’s Two Cold Wars: From Hegemony to Decline?” was published in March 2022.
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Until not long ago, the United States was vertically split by its multiple divides. Something that was consistent with the anti-majoritarian nature of its system, as had been constructed by its Founding Fathers. Nowadays, however, partisan identities have merged…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Stepping over the claims of several South East Asian countries, as well as over the normative of the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea and the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, China has decided that…
Would the exceptional nation be an exception within the rise and fall of great powers? By Alfredo Toro Hardy In the decade of 1640s, Spain entered into a profound crisis that put an end to its European hegemony, threatened the subsistence of its…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Latin America, as a notion, is made up of those non Anglo or Dutch components of the Americas formed in the common mould of the Catholic religion, the Latin cultural heritage and the Romance languages. Iberian America and Haiti…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Idealism and realism have alternated in America’s foreign policy, with the former overtly prevailing. The idealist tradition goes back to the foundation of the country, and has its roots in colonial times. Americans, indeed, have always believed to be…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy Latin America shares the same hemisphere with the United States. However, while the first is still in the quest of its economic development, amid periodical social and political upheavals, the U.S. became the undisputed global leader. Both began as…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy President Biden’s age and apparent fragility have become significant negative campaign handicaps. Although in 2020 he never pledged not to seek reelection if elected, which could have turned him into a lame duck, he promoted the idea that his…
By Alfredo Toro Hardy China and the United States are engaged in a profound rivalry, a true Cold War. Endowed with a profound sense of entitlement, the Middle Kingdom and the exceptional nation seem particularly ill prepared to accept a number two ranking…